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Upgrade Your Old Air Conditioner WI-GCI0416302-02 Many people realize just how many types of archaeology there are. At the Wisconsin Maritime Museum, we talk about underwater archaeology all the time, but there are dozens of other spe- cialties that an archaeologist can have: some focus on a certain time period, like historical archaeologists, or a geographic location, like Egyptology. There is forensic archaeology, which applies criminal in- vestigation to the and zooarchaeol- ogy, the study of animal remains. I studied bioarchaeology, or human re- mains, in school. I looked for evidence of lives lived using bones, burials and grave goods.
The things you do during life change your skeleton. The activities you do every day, the foods you eat, and the illnesses and injuries you get all leave their mark. Your story is written on your bones. The skeletons of sailors tell unique sto- ries of seafaring men and women. Using remains excavated from shipwrecks and naval cemeteries, we can learn about the people who sailed the ocean and lakes throughout history.
One of the things a bioarchaeolo- gist might look for is the sex of an individ- ual. By looking at the skull and pelvis, we might be able to estimate whether some- one was male or female. While many his- toric remains of mariners are male, al- ways important to collect that data and understand the role women played on the maritime landscape. For example, the Swedish warship Vasa sank on its maiden voyage in 1628, carrying crew and possible families. When the vessel was raised in 1961, the remains of men, women and a child were recovered.
This helps archaeol- ogists understand who was on the vessel when it sank and their relationship to each other. The bones of a sailor hold clues as to their daily life aboard ships. On the Eng- lish ship Mary Rose, which sank in 1545, the remains of a man with an interesting shoulder blade were found. The tip of his scapula showed signs of repeated stress and activity. Based on that evi- dence, along with a twist in his spine and large muscle attachments on his bone, archaeologists think he was an ar- cher, able to skillfully and repeatedly shoot a 16th-century longbow.
Another skeleton from the Vasa shows repeated injuries to the upper arm bones, or humeri. thought that this individual was a helmsman and the injuries were caused by having to keep locked elbows and rigid arms while con- trolling the rudder. Archaeologists recently excavated hundreds of Royal Navy burials from three 18th century to 19th century burial grounds. Ceridwen Boston of the Univer- sity of Oxford and Catherine Sinnott of University studied irregular foot fractures found in a high percentage of the remains. Called frac- ture, this injury is similar to those found in modern ballet dancers and soccer players; it happens when a foot is or invert- ed too far.
Boston and Sinnot believe these injuries were caused because of a time spent balancing on the ropes and rig- ging when aloft on vessels. Sailors fell from aloft, were injured in combat or exchanged blows while on land. Broken bones, from noses to arms, were common, but could be deadly. With- out medical intervention, and sometimes even with a doctor on board, infection could set in or bones could heal mis- aligned. Bioarchaeological studies of mar- iners show that amputations and other surgeries were performed, and by looking for bone growth and evidence of healing, we can tell whether they were successful.
While injury was a risk to sailors, so was disease. Today, we know that scurvy occurs when we consume enough Vitamin C. But historic sailors were un- aware of the causes of this deadly disease. Sometimes the disease was so severe that it marked the skeleton; archaeologists look for spongy bone growth to identify scurvy. Archaeologists also look for high levels of lead in bones, which might indi- cate lead poisoning.
These studies have been performed on the mummies and skeletal remains of the sailors from doomed Franklin Expedition, trying to understand what happened in the days of the men. Even the items someone is buried with can reveal clues about their lives. A burial found Guernsey contained preserved buttons similar to those worn by the Brit- ish Navy in the 1700s, leading us to think this individual was once a sailor. A mari- ner from the Royal Hospital Haslar in Eng- land was buried with a metal disc that said, I not a man and a This disc is associated with 18th-century aboli- tionists, giving us more insight into this convictions. Bioarchaeology is a science, but much more than studying human re- mains.
about giving a voice to people who lived long ago. about com- monalities between the people of the past and today. This work is a constant re- minder of the humanity that unites us across the centuries. Too often, we forget that people in the past were very much like us. They lived, worked, loved and lost along the shores of vast bodies of water.
The Wisconsin Maritime Museum will be releasing a curriculum on the bioar- chaeology of sailors soon, with videos, lesson plans and interviews with experts in the coming weeks. Meantime, check out the Online Resources Portal on our website to keep in touch with the museum even when we are closed. Abigail Diaz is director of Education Public Programs at the Wisconsin Mari- time Museum in Manitowoc. Sailor remains tell of lives they lived, Wisconsin Maritime Museum says Abigail Diaz Special to Manitowoc Herald Times Reporter USA TODAY NETWORK WIS. The wreck of the Mary Rose was raised in 1982.
The Mary Rose Museum is in Portsmouth, England. PROVIDED These two femora or upper leg bones of a seaman buried in The Royal Hospital Greenwich London show evidence of being broken and healing incorrectly. COURTESY OF OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGY Numbers selected Wednesday: Pick 3: 2-9-2 Maximum prize: $500 Pick 4: 8-8-7-7 prize: $350,000 Doubler: Megabucks: 23-29-33-41-47-48 Estimated Estimated jackpot: $95 million More info: Call 608-266-7777 or go to wilottery.com. jackpot: $1 million Powerball: 18-34-40-42-50 Powerball was 9 Power Play: 2 Maximum prize: $100,000 SuperCash: 8-19-27-29-31-37 Maximum Maximum prize: $5,000 Badger 5: 3-4-5-17-28 Estimated jackpot: $10,000 All or Nothing: 3-4-5-9- 10-11-12-15-18-20-22 LOTTERY.
